The End of Elfintown — Key Ideas to Explore
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The End of Elfintown — Key Ideas to Explore can be approached with a clearer sense of reading commitment from its source measurements: 8,506 words, 37 min estimated reading time, and 2 detected text sections.
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Project Gutenberg metadata also associates the work with “Fairy poetry,” connecting these edition facts with the source record’s subject description.
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owworm-lamps burned dim, And slurred the dew at rose-bud’s rim; The kingcup’s gold looked dull to him, And cowslip’s gawds of amber.
Hence, on his discontents to brood, He sat one eve in sorry mood, While whispering Elves around him stood, And said ’twas strange, ’twas pity; When, sudden, light as leaf on spray, He leaped and laughed: “By Flowers o’ May, Mine Elves,” quoth he, “our own essay Shall build as fair a city.”
And eagerly at morrow’s light He hasted forth to choose a site, Whereon should now be reared aright Strong walls and storeys stately. He found it soon: an earth-plot bare Beyond an elm’s droop; six yards square; No sod, no moss, no weed, throve there, Which pleased King Oberon greatly.
“For thro’ those streets,” said he, “was seen No blade of grass, or glint of green, But pavements ferly smooth and clean; Small fear of footsteps tripping.” Not far away a brook bobbed by: “From thence,” he said, “we may supply Our waterworks; and soothly I Grow weary of dew-drop sipping.”
Then hied him home amain, and shook His drowsy Fays from every nook, And bade them follow with him, and look Where splendour should be springing; And ere the earliest star blinked down Upon that earth-patch bare and brown, The first white pebble of Elfintown He laid ’mid cheers loud-ringing.
And now, indeed, industrious days Be risen upon the land of Fays, Where every liege his Lord obeys, And toils beside his neighbour. They plied them late, they plied them soon, In dew of dawn, thro’ drowth of noon, Nay, oft the wan light of a moon Swam in to lamp their labour.
No more round Faery-ring they swept In mazy measures ere they slept; But, silent, to his lair each crept, Limb wearied, sinews aching. No more they couched in campion’s cell, Or slumbered soft in lily-bell; Prone on the ground they flung pell-mell, Brief rest from task-work taking.
Some kneaded stubborn clay for bricks,
With shells’ jagged splints some sawed at sticks, Some delved the soil with brier-thorn picks To helves of flax-haulm fitted; On business more than one can name From dawn to dusk they went and came; None durst his share refuse for shame, Nor would with sloth be twitted.
And brutish things, that creep and crawl Stingless and strong, they did enthrall To burdens bear, and pull and haul, Along the highways goaded; There might ye see the Beetle black Come lumbering down the dusty track, With pebble-blocks piled on his back, Or mossy twig-beams loaded.
And oft they ponderous weights would heap On slow-paced Slugs, who, half-asleep, For many a tedious yard must creep, Their drivers by them trudging; Even nimbler Ants they made submit To bridle and curb of cobweb knit, Unruly teams, that plunged and bit, Against the yoke sore grudging.
Thus, sped by toil of serf and Fay, The work lagged nowise; day by day New mansions rose in rich array Beside the paven causey; Their like was ne’er in Elfland known, Some built of brick, and some of stone, And roofed with mica slabs that shone, And glazed with gnat-wings gauzy.
But, fairest amongst all these descried, Stood in the middle edified The Palace where the King should bide, Well worthy a royal master; Of whitest graile its walls, or stained With delicate streaks like marble veined, From brook-bank quarries drawn, fine-grained, And pure as alabaster.
I dare not say how many a line It towered aloft, nor words are mine To tell what fancies Faery-fine Did hall and chamber garnish, All carpeted with hand-spun moss, Or laurel-leaf tight strained across, That flooring made of smoother gloss Than e’er had wax or varnish.
With couch, and stool, and cushion strown Of ash-bud’s silk or thistle’s down; Their rugs, fluffed fells of field-mice brown, For tiger’s skin and panther’s. Their curtains came from spider-looms, Their walls were hung with moths’ soft plumes; Much gold-dust glittered thro’ the rooms, From stamens brushed and anthers.
A midge-flight from the Palace gate, (Scroll-work of skeleton beech-leaf) straight A Fane they reared that matched in state
Famed Athens or Eleusis; Such beauty frieze and cornice lent, Entablature and pediment; In double row tall columns went Around it, as their use is.
Each from one slab of rush’s pith Hewn, like majestic monolith, The architrave to prop, therewith The massy roof upholding. Indoors ’twas all adusk and chill; No Fay but felt a solemn thrill To pace its cloistered twilight still Mysterious glooms enfolding.
Then from the brook with trenching spade Smooth dandelion tubes they laid, And hemlock pipes that bitter made The water thro’ them tasted; Hence, some fastidious Fays would go With acorn barrels to and fro, Till this the King forbade, lest so Their labour seem but wasted.
Herein alone his fortune frowned: That in all Fayland was not found The fire-snake, lured from underground As even-dusk grows dimmer; This lacked, they did for lamp-posts choose Stout daisy-stems, and glowworms use, Chained there all night with knot and noose, To make a goodly glimmer.
But who so fain as Oberon, That watched as every morn outshone His peerless city waxing on, While in its growth he gloried? Triumphant joy it gave the King To see each straw-plank scaffolding Pulled down piecemeal, as walls upspring, Wide-windowed, many-storied.
And ever his stirring Elves amid He walked, and spied on all they did, And toilers praised, and idlers chid, With earnest speech and eager; Till, swift as blades in April-time Thro’ clod-cracks pricked, did skyward climb Roof crowding roof; whereof my rime Keeps but a record meagre.
And now ye might, in sooth, have thought, Seeing all to such perfection wrought, That Fays might well repose have sought, From toil returned to pleasure. Howbeit, not so their King inclined, For fast as sped the works designed, Fresh plans were shapen in his mind, That wist not bound or measure.
Oft as from Palace towers he eyed That spacious plain, as oft he sighed To see it planted far and wide With street-rows thick as stubble. Nor seldom flaws of wind and rain, Uplifting roof, and shattering pane, That needs must be restored again, Did Elfin labours double.
Thus, by the malice of the skies, And tasks their King would still devise, The Fays beheld new toils arise To bar their hope of resting; As he who from the strand hath swum, While in his ear the surges hum, Sees evermore to meet him come White flocks of billows cresting.
Which when at last they clearly knew, Deep discontent upon them grew, Till scarce a Fay did timber hew, Or piled up clay or pebble, Or hoisted load with strain and heft, Or grained a door with fingers deft And listless thoughts, but, hope-bereft, At heart was half a rebel.
So, after setting of a sun, When all their day’s long coil was done, And dew on gossamer-threads late-spun Beneath the moonbeams trembled, Called to a chosen meeting-place, Without the Town a frog-leap’s space, To talk about their evil case The Elfin folk assembled.
’Twas in good sooth a sight forlorn To see them fagged and labour-worn, Their dainty garments stained and torn, Forms bowed with weary stooping; Most like a bed of windflowers frail, What time a shower of pelting hail Hath smirched with mould the petals pale And left the bruised stalks drooping.
And as when ruffling breeze-wafts go, Now sighing loud, now moaning low,
Among the shivering blossoms, so Among the Elves upstarted A wail of voices small and shrill, That swelled and sank commingled, still Lamenting o’er their present ill Or ancient bliss departed.
First Elfrain, for his silvern tongue Renowned his Faery feres among, Upon a fallen beech-nut sprung, Spake clear, while hushed they hearkened: “It little needs, ye Elves” (he said), “To bid you ’ware the direful dread, By gathering glooms and shadows spread, Wherewith our days are darkened.
“But, since a shadow’s curse is e’er The eyes to blind and feet to snare, That else a path would find and fare From forth its grim embrasure, Behoves us seek from whence they flit, These shades that on our lives have lit, For so, perchance, a way we hit, Back to the beamy azure.
“Then, prithee, freeborn Fays and Elves, Here let us pause and ask ourselves Why this one hews, why that one delves, Finch waking, chafer whirring. What graceless freak of spiteful change Hath o’er us wound these fetters strange, Who wont down all the dells to range Unchecked as breeze’s stirring?
“What joy have ye to cleave the clod, Or mortar bear in chickpea hod, Or down the creaking cart-track plod, Or up the ladder dizzy? Nay, daubed with clay, and grimed with dust, This piteous plight declares ye must Lament the charge upon you thrust That makes you bondslaves busy.
“Where now be flown the mirthful hours Ye fleeted by in blossomy bowers? Soft sleep at core of scented flowers, Gay sports on greensward airy? Why fail your feasts, why flag your flights, Your morrice-dance on moonlit nights? Have these things now no more delights For heart of woodland Faery?
“But if one saith: ‘The King commands This irksome service at our hands, And Oberon’s will no Fay withstands, Lest traitorous act accuse him’-- To such: The ancient laws (I say), Thro’ which our monarch holds his sway, Point duly where we must obey, And where, unblamed, refuse him.
“Since for this cause we crowned his head: That long as Elfin sports be sped, He still should rule the maze we tread, When every Faery traces On dew-sprent turf the emerald ring; Even as the planet lamps that swing In shimmering cirques around _their_ King, Far up heaven’s star-strown spaces.
“Hence, if for us he prove indeed No sun-bright orb our step to lead, But Jack-o’-lantern’s goblin glede, That traveller’s foot betrayeth, Shall we our lightsome paths forsake Thro’ bogs to err and briery brake, Where thorn-pricks thrust and quagmires quake, Lured as his false gleam playeth?
“Yea, of the King I ask: To thee Were given for lieges Faeries free, Or creeping things whose toil we see By niggard Nature spurred on? They twist the thread, they store the grain, And thus, at least, their portion gain; Whilst us thou biddest to struggles vain That win nor gift nor guerdon.
“Yet, furthermore, and haply first In import grave: some spell accurst, Methinks, this troublous toiler’s-thirst Thus in our King sets burning; For I long since have deemed to mark Flash from his eye a fitful spark, Enkindled by those sorceries dark That steal the wits’ discerning.
“How else should he, who erst had known Fair mansions in fresh flower-buds blown, His dwelling choose of stock and stone, Coarse clay, and cobweb flimsy? Yon piles uncouth, whereon we have wrought Thro’ weary workdays, seem they aught Save folly planned by one distraught With some fantastic whimsy?
“Now, by the Night-bat’s shriek! full loth Were I to slight my deep-sworn oath, Or hear it said that I for sloth Mine owed allegiance scanted; But, tho’ I bide such slanders ill, I less could brook the Fay-folk still Enslaved to work the warlock’s will Who hath our King enchanted.”
Thus he; and thro’ his hearers went Deep murmurs, as when hearts assent To words that voice their discontent, Long felt but lowly muttered. And Elfdore from among them next Arose, his gentle spirit vext, And much with jarring griefs perplext, As mournful speech he uttered:
“Ay me, what stinging thoughts awoke Like ray-warmed flies, while Elfrain spoke, And told the wrongs of Faery-folk, And sorer ills that threat them; And, keenlier thrilling, called to mind Those days ere yet our bliss declined-- Lost days, tho’ far they lag behind, What Elf can once forget them?
“Your heaviest task to plot some prank, Your dullest hour blithe pastimes shrank; With sun that rose, and sun that sank, No Faery’s gladness vanished. But very vainly lend I speech To loud-voiced woes; this truth can teach, In few, what dismal tracts we reach, From former weal far-banished:
“That, when our green-ywimpled wood, Like moss-rose reddening thro’ her hood, Lets vermeil dawn a path make good Where many a dim shade drowseth, No more, as once, its burgeoning light Seems flower-soft balm to Elfin sight, But signal-fire that weary wight To loathëd labour rouseth.
“And when the West’s curved crystalline Pales, over-brimmed with silvern shine, Pure water poured where blush-tinct wine The rubied rim was crowning, Naught heeding save our hardship’s case, We only sigh: ‘Ebb, light, apace, And leave our cares a little space In dreamless slumber drowning.’
“Then, since, of Elfin frolic stripped, In slavish bonds our days are clipped, Scarce save in sleep-whelmed pauses slipped, Blank silence, whither fleeing From senses’ dole to senses’ dearth We respite seek--holds life its worth? What joy were minished on the earth If Faeries ceased from being?
“And not on you alone this yoke Of bondage falls; an humbler folk May rue the hour when trowel’s stroke First tinkled clinking yonder; Our fellow-wights of feature quaint, Now captived, maugre plea and plaint, To drudge for us; whose harsh constraint I oft remorseful ponder.
“My heart grows hot when yearnings vain Dumb in the draught-ant’s eyes speak plain, For comrades’ blithesome bustle fain, Amid their garnered treasure. And ruth and wrath will thro’ me throb To hear the unsightly Spider sob, When from her loom the weft we rob, Wove with such pride and pleasure.
“And still when harnessed Snail or Slug I watch the hated wain-load tug, Or Beetle gross down ruts deep-dug Hath past me, panting, lumbered, Reproachful twinges wring my mind, For so we twofold burdens bind On creatures whom, thro’ Fate unkind, Unwieldy frames have cumbered.
“Yet, if, irate at wrongs of these, To rebel thoughts I turn for ease, I fare as foot that nettle flees, But which barbed thistle lameth; So shrewd a thorn-pang pierced my breast What time I heard an Elf suggest That Fays should scorn their King’s behest Since overmuch he claimeth.
“For, tho’ mine ire mount ne’er so high, Let Oberon but anon draw nigh With joyful mien and sparkling eye, Our bootless tasks admiring, And, doubting naught of hearers glad, Begin to tell new projects mad-- Tall towers to raise, long rows to add, All Elfland’s strength requiring,
“Then, wistful, pause my face to scan And read approval of his plan Trow, if for very ruth I can There brook him vainly seek it. Nay, if I knew one word whose might Could all his hopes forbid and blight, Loose Elfdom’s chains, and crush his sprite, In truth ’twere hard to speak it.
“But for the cause that Elfrain deems Hath crazed the King with waking dreams, A Wizard, who our ruin schemes With arts beyond our foiling; So fell a thought I dare not think That leadeth to a misery’s brink, Wherefrom my frighted fancies shrink In anguish back recoiling.
“Our case my counsel mocks. I rede We Elfmel call, and straitly heed The word he speaks; for if, indeed, Dark Fate, a cure thou shroudest, His wisdom shall that cure surprise.” Then all around rang eager cries: “Let Elfmel speak--let him advise”-- And he, at clamour’s loudest, Stood forth upon the beechen stage; Not old, for Faeries know not age, But past his peers reputed sage, Such fame his wit achieveth; True to the mark his winged words went, Sure as a well-poised arrow sent, Yet clear to show their thought’s intent As air that arrow cleaveth:
“Lo, Elfrain’s guess, and Elfdore’s dread, I long have known for truth” (he said); “No mortal guile the snare hath spread Where Oberon lies entangled; Nor lives who thus awry could twitch His sense, or fool to such a pitch, Save one alone, the Bad Brown Witch. Aye plotting ills new-fangled.
“And, wot ye well, if aught avail To countercharm her magic’s bale, Whose mischief sore we so bewail, Plunged in this dire quandáry, ’Tis aid no mortal power can lend; One only may her marring mend-- The Good Gray Witch, a faithful friend Oft proved to folk of Faery.
“Yet, he who would her pity awake, A perilous path must undertake, For far beside her Lonesome Lake A slumbrous trance hath bound her, Where evermore a silence deep, Like trusty sentinel, must keep Mute watch to guard the sevenfold sleep That laps its dreams around her.
“The first fold shade or shine ne’er crossed; Beyond the next each sound fails lost; The third fends off both fire and frost, How fierce so e’er their noyance; The fourth shrouds safe from fear and fret; The fifth bars memory and regret; Keen ire and scorn the sixth can let, The seventh all hope and joyance.
“Still may her helpful might be sought, Still may her ruthful heart be raught, Albeit by steps with peril fraught, Down dim paths danger-ridden; Yea, long-conned mage-lore yields me arms Can pierce her sleep; right awesome charms, That, save for cure of grievous harms, To utter I am forbidden.
“And erst deemed I that haply soon, As film-flakes floating by the moon Steeped in her frosted fire-flood swoon, And one brief moment dim it, Even so from us our cares might drift Fleeting and fading soft and swift; But nay; their pall shows never a rift, Their shade-sweep never a limit.
“And therefore now, ye Fays, I feel ’Tis time to her we make appeal For help that Oberon’s hurt shall heal, And lure him from his madness; And list ye on this mission trust My zeal and truth, her power august Will I beseech, till yield it must A boon to work us gladness.”
Then, like the hum as poised bee swoops To gold-domed gloom where flower-bell droops, The voice of clustering Elfin groups Rose up, his speech approving; And cried that in such embassage No worthier Elf could e’er engage; And bade him speed the task whose wage Should be their woe’s removing.
Hence, when the dawn looked dewiest, Forth Elfmel fared on fateful quest, Alone, so ran the charm’s behest, While still the King lay dreaming; But--since his se’ennight’s peril dared Were long to tell--he home repaired When Elfintown at sunset flared, With roofs and windows gleaming.
He came, in sooth, at time of need, Because the King had just decreed A task that should all tasks exceed Which yet the Fays had sighed o’er: A monstrous tower, ne’er seen its like, Whose crest should seem the clouds to strike, And even the loftiest plantain-spike Peer in prodigious pride o’er.
Not empty-handed Elfmel came: A mirror wan in dark-wove frame The Witch had sent, and o’er the same Breathed many a murmur mystic; In size it matched the rain-drop pearled At broadest blade-point; round it curled Stag-beetle’s antler, carved and whirled With sentence Kabalistic.
The which, if hung ere fall of night Near Oberon’s couch, by subtle sleight Of maker’s craft, and magic’s might, Would show him such a vision As must his frenzy scare away: “Ay, stranger secrets ’twill bewray,” Quoth she; yet more she would not say, But sped the Elf on his mission.
This Elfmel did anon relate To his comrades, met in grave debate, Who joyed to learn their evil estate Might now eftsoons be mended. And twain in haste by secret stair To Oberon’s bower the mirror-bare, What time he bode all unaware Of aught his Elves intended.
Methinks when dimness round them closed, The weariest Fay but seldom dozed, For new-blown glee with morn-flush rosed The drift of night’s pale lily; Or hope and fear, like boisterous breeze Whereon the fluttering petal flees, Frayed sleep, that loves on hearts at ease To light and linger stilly.
Some soft as drowsy finches sung: “Oh sweet, ye Fays, our lawns among To fleet fair days, from dawn’s flame sprung Till night star-bright,” they twittered; While others kept a mien more grave, For somewhat still their minds misgave That care so blithe an end should have Which long their lives embittered.
But all, thro’ hopes and fears, watched fain To see red light the east distain, That Oberon should rouse again From slumbers gramarie-haunted; For then they must behold a sign If verily to that spell benign The Bad Brown Witch’s power malign Had yielded, quelled and daunted.
Jane Barlow's The End of Elfintown (1894) opens with a stanza invoking a lost tradition: the poet wishes a predecessor 'had writ in gold, as I in lead, / For men to learn why Fays be fled.' This self-deprecating frame—gold versus lead—signals a poem that treats its fairy matter with both earnestness and a wry awareness of its own limitations. The narrative is cast in ballad stanzas, with a regular rhyme scheme and a meter that often dips into anapests, lending a sing-song quality that suits the tale of Oberon's enchantment and the Elves' doomed building project.
The Spell of the Crystal Mere
The poem's inciting event is a vision: the Bad Brown Witch shows Oberon a 'wondrous Town' in the 'mirroring crystal of her mere.' Barlow emphasizes the scale distortion necessary for fairy perception: the city is 'shrunk, I trow, to seemly size / For straiter range of Elfin eyes.' This detail—that the vision is scaled down—establishes a central tension between the human world's grandeur and the Elves' miniature realm. Oberon becomes obsessed, finding his woodland home inadequate: 'the glowworm-lamps burned dim,' 'the kingcup's gold looked dull.' The diction here is deliberately domestic—'chamber,' 'lamps,' 'gawds'—contrasting with the epic ambition of building a city. The Witch's magic works not through overt force but through a kind of aesthetic dissatisfaction, a restlessness with the familiar.
Building and Its Discontents
Once Oberon decides to build, the poem shifts to cataloging the labor. The Elves construct 'strong walls and storeys stately' on a bare earth-plot 'six yards square'—a comically small foundation for a city, yet treated with epic gravity. Barlow's verse dwells on the physical details: 'No blade of grass, or glint of green, / But pavements ferly smooth and clean.' The word 'ferly' (meaning 'wondrous') hints at the Elves' pride, but the narrative soon undercuts it. The building is revealed as 'drudgery vile' exacted from the Elfin race. Oberon later admits, 'Yon cumbrous heaps of stones and stocks / Seem filled for me with flouts and mocks.' The poem thus critiques the vanity of grand projects built on compelled labor, even as it maintains a light, almost whimsical tone through its meter and fairy-tale vocabulary.
The King's Awakening and the Command to Destroy
The climax occurs when Oberon, freed from the witch's spell by a 'night-sent sign,' addresses his subjects. Barlow renders this scene with a striking shift in register: the king speaks in grave, measured lines, his earlier enthusiasm replaced by remorse. He commands the Elves to 'lay this cursëd city waste; / Let wall be breached, and site erased.' The alliteration and imperative verbs convey his urgency. Yet the poem complicates this moment: the Elves rejoice, but Oberon remains 'of mien deject,' and he reveals a further secret—the vision has also shown that the Elves must leave their homeland entirely. The phrase 'a prison whose doors unclose not' redefines their entire existence. Barlow thus transforms a simple fairy tale into a meditation on displacement and the cost of ambition, all within the constraints of ballad form.
Diction, Voice, and the Fairy Scale
Throughout the poem, Barlow's diction oscillates between archaisms ('wot,' 'trow,' 'ferly,' 'gramarie') and more colloquial touches ('By Flowers o' May,' 'quoth he'). This mix creates a voice that feels both learned and playful. The fairy perspective is maintained through scale: a 'restive Earwig' stamps its foot, a 'gaunt-limbed Gnat' sits on a roof-ridge. These details ground the epic events in a miniature world. The poem also uses direct address and exclamations ('Ah, who but I, your chosen chief?') to heighten emotional impact. Barlow avoids sentimentality by undercutting pathos with physical comedy—the Earwig's tether, the Gnat's twirling legs. This technique keeps the narrative from becoming ponderous, allowing the serious themes of obsession, labor, and exile to emerge naturally from the fairy framework.
Readers should attend to how Barlow balances the poem's two registers: the mock-heroic treatment of fairy construction and the genuine melancholy of its conclusion. The ballad stanzas, with their recurring rhymes and rhythmic variations, reward reading aloud. Laurence Housman's illustrations, though not included here, would have complemented the text's blend of whimsy and gravity. This edition preserves the original 1894 text, allowing modern readers to encounter a Victorian fairy poem that questions the very desires it dramatizes.
I kept thinking about how The End of Elfintown lets a whole world fade without anger, just quiet departure. That same tender ache lives in The Fairy Green — Background and Themes, where loss feels less like ruin and more like a held breath. Some stories stay because they teach us how gently things can end.
Theodore Adams
1 month agoCamila Moore
1 month agoMatthew Jones
2 weeks agoSamuel White
1 month ago-
Tina Fritz - 1 month ago
The End Of Elfintown is a brilliantly imagined fantasy that subverts traditional tropes with wit and insight. The world-building is rich and original, and the protagonist's journey from innocence to understanding is profoundly moving. The author tackles themes of colonialism and cultural erasure with nuance, making this more than just an adventure—it's a thought-provoking allegory. The prose is crisp and engaging, and the conclusion is both poignant and hopeful. A must-read for fantasy fans who crave depth. -
Nicole Hart - 4 weeks ago
A fascinating and inventive fantasy that offers a unique twist on the 'fairy realm' trope. The allegorical commentary on colonization is clever and gives the story depth. However, the pacing is uneven; some parts are gripping, while others feel slow. The characters are engaging, but the ending leaves a few threads unresolved. Still, it's a thought-provoking read that will appeal to those looking for fantasy with meaning. -
Connie Wyatt - 1 week ago
The End Of Elfintown has an interesting premise, but the execution falls short. The allegory is heavy-handed and the narrative often gets bogged down in exposition, slowing the pace to a crawl. The characters, especially the protagonist, lack emotional depth, making it hard to care about their journey. The prose is serviceable but lacks the vibrancy needed to bring the world to life. While the themes are noble, they overshadow the story itself, resulting in a dull and preachy read.
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Michael White
3 weeks ago